The Instrumental -kw-
The instrumental -kw- is a root suffix that generally refers to something being an instrument of doing something or a place.
d aˀęndaˀ ahutehšratǫnyǫkwaˀ He menaced him many times with a bow
the bow
aˀęndaˀ
[ah-ah-en-dah-ah]
ahutehšratǫnyǫkwaˀ He menaced with it many times.
[ah-hoo-teh-shrah-ton-yon-kwah-ah]
a- factual
-hu- masculine singular patient ‘he’
-tehšratǫn- verb root ‘to menace’
-yǫ- distributive root suffix ‘many times’
-kw- instrumental root suffix
-aˀ punctual aspect
ehšrahkwat de yaˀahšaˀ You will put it inside a box.
the
ehšrahkwat You will put it inside a place.
[eh-shrah-kwaht]
e- future
-hš- 2nd person singular agent ‘you’
-ra- verb root ‘to be inside’
-kwa– instrumental root suffix
-t punctual aspect
yaˀahšaˀ box
[yah-ah-shah-ah]
ya- feminine-zoic singular agent ‘it’
-ˀahš- noun root ‘box’
-aˀ noun suffix
daeˀ atiˀ ehšehstahkwaˀ d ehšetsikeˀtǫngyah
that then you will use it for such that which you will make sugar
Then you will use it to make sugar.
ehšehstahkwaˀ You will use it for such.
[eh-seh-stah-kwah-ah]
e- future
-hše- 2nd person singular agent ‘you’
-hsta- verb root ’to use’
-kwa- instrumental root suffix
-ˀ punctual aspect
ehšetsikeˀtǫngyah You will make sugar.
[eh-sheh-tsee-keh-eh-ton-gyah]
e- future
-hše- 2nd person singular agent ‘you’
-tsikeˀt- noun root ‘sugar’
-ǫngy- verb root ’to make’
-ah punctual aspect
šažahaˀtahkwih de yandaˀtsuwanęh
you boil it by means of it the it is a large pot
You will boil it by means of a large pot.
šažahaˀtahkwih You will boil it by means of it.
[shah-zhah-ah-ah-tah-kweeh]
ša- 2nd person singular agent ‘you’
-žaha- verb root ‘to boil’
-ˀt- causative root suffix
-ahkw– instrumental root suffix
-ih stative aspect
yandaˀtsuwanęh It is a large pot
[yahn-dah-ah-tsoo-wan-enh]
ya- feminine-zoic singular agent ‘it’
-ndaˀts- noun root ‘pot’
-uwané- verb root ‘to be large’
-h stative aspect
Instrumental as a Nominalizer
With three different verbs the instrumental can be a nominalizer, that is it can be added to a verb root to produce a noun stem.
eyarakuta The sun will stand, shine.
[eh-yah-rah-koo-tah]
e- future
-ya- feminine-zoic singular agent ‘it’
-ra- verb root ‘sun to rise’
-k- instrumental root suffix
-ut- verb root ‘to stand’
-a punctual aspect
yękyukuwanęh It is a large group.
[yen-kyoo-koo-wan-nenh]
yękyu- feminine-zoic singular agent ‘it’ + verb root ‘to be a lineage, clan’
-k- instrumental root suffix
-uwanę- verb root ‘to be large’
-h stative aspect
kyuruhkwaharęht It is a smoke hole, chimney.
[kyoo-rooh-kwah-hah-rent]
ky- cislocative ‘where’
-u- feminine-zoic singular patient ‘it’
-ru- verb root ‘to pierce’
-hkw- instrumental root suffix
-a- noun suffix
-haręht- verb root ‘to be a hole’ + stative aspect